factors that increase reverse cholesterol transport

Metab. Greene et al. Heart ABCA1 and PPAR-α genes expression responses in male rats: effects of high intensity treadmill running training and aqueous extraction of black crataegus-pentaegyna. J. Nutr. J. Cardiovasc. Science 289, 1524–1529. Kelley, G. A., Kelley, K. S., and Tran, Z. V. (2004). (1) The liver synthesizes Apo A-1 that enters the bloodstream. Adv. -. A major recognized functional property of HDL particles is to elicit cholesterol efflux and consequently mediate reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). (1989). doi: 10.3945/ajcn.115.112227. (2009) found similar results with Wistar rats that performed 6 weeks of aerobic training, showing increased gene expression of hepatic ABCA1 when compared to non-exercise rats. Effect of aerobic exercise and dietary fat on SR-B1 gene and protein expression during the formation of atherosclerotic plaque in ApoE-deficient mice. When the lipoproteins are in an aqueous environment, they go through a remodeling process, and their content can be carried between different classes of lipoproteins and different tissues. (1996). However, studies investigating the influence of recovery interval after strength training are still scarce. (2013). doi: 10.1007/s11745-012-3685-y, Vinagre, J. C., Vinagre, C. G., Pozzi, F. S., Slywitch, E., and Maranhão, R. C. (2013). Major constituents of RCT include acceptors such as high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), and enzymes such as lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP), hepatic lipase (HL) and cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP), which regulate cholesterol transport. Metab. (2010). (2015). COVID-19 is an emerging, rapidly evolving situation. Am. They are found as pigments in fruits such as berries, petals and leaves. Acute cocoa supplementation increases postprandial HDL cholesterol and insulin in obeseadults with Type 2 diabetes after consumption of a high-fat breakfast. -, Basu A., Betts N. M., Leyva M. J., Fu D., Aston C. E., Lyons T. J. (2008) found that physically active individuals had higher concentrations of Apo A-1 (the main protein of HDL), mRNA of ABCA1 in leukocytes (but not in skeletal muscle) and pre-β HDL than sedentary individuals. Front. doi: 10.1080/07315724.2005.10719475. J. Exercise improved rat metabolism by raising PPAR-α. Cell Stress Chaperones 15, 827–833. Mangiferin supplementation improves serum lipid profiles in overweight patients with hyperlipidemia: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. De Groot, G. Chrousos, K. Dungan, K. R. Feingold, A. Grossman, J. M. Hershman et al. J. Continuous intake of polyphenolic compounds containing cocoa powder reduces LDL oxidative susceptibility and has beneficial effects on plasma HDL-cholesterol concentrations in hu- mans. doi: 10.5681/bi.2012.005, Hellsten, Y., Apple, F., and Sjödin, B. (2015). 2007;7(5):1-101. 2005;5(6):379-87. doi: 10.2165/00129784-200505060-00005. Lipoprotein apoprotein metabolismo. Acute cocoa supplementation increases postprandial HDL cholesterol and insulin in obeseadults with Type 2 diabetes after consumption of a high-fat breakfast. JAMA 318, 175–193. Heart J. Rehabil. The activity of the HDL pathway is influenced by genetic and dietary factors that can interact to either increase or reduce the efficiency of cholesterol removal. Am. Despite the importance of PPAR and other receptors during RCT, it is essential to mention that this transcription factor responds to exercise in several ways, including angiogenesis, inhibition of lipogenesis and mitochondrial activity, suggesting the need for future studies about the mechanisms of RCT, exercise and the role of PPAR. Keywords:HDL, atherosclerosis, reverse cholesterol transport, macrophage, endothelium, coronary artery disease, inflammation, regression. Am. In addition, exercise caused elevation of oxidized LDL-c concentrations, which resulted in the activation and positive regulation of PPAR-γ and LXRα transcription factors in leukocytes, and consequently, increase in gene expression of cholesterol-related reverse transporters to HDL-c, such as FAT-CD36, ABCA1, and ABCG1. Rev. World J. (2009) found that Wistar rats, after 12 weeks of aerobic training at approximately 65% of VO2max, increased gene expression of ABCA1 in the liver and small intestine (also increased in the heart [Ghanbari-Niaki et al., 2013]). Exercise can modulate genetic and protein expression of Apo A-1, ABCA1 hepatic and immune system cells, and increase the activity of Lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT). Sigal, G. A., Medeiros, N. G., Vinagre, J. C., Diament, J., and Maranhão, R. C. (2011). Inflammatory, lipid, and body composition responses to interval training or moderate aerobic training. Also, AMPK content increased 93% when compared to baseline in trained individuals. The papers should be published between 2000 until February 2017, and the last examination was conducted in October 2017. Engel and Tholstrup (2015) showed that butter consumption could increase HDL-c levels when compared to olive oil. (2010). 10.3945/jn.115.215772 This group is mainly composed of cyanidin, peonidin, pelargonidin, malvidin, delphinidin, and petunidin. LDL receptor and Pcsk9 transcripts are decreased in liver of ovariectomized rats: effects of exercise training. Genistein in the metabolic syndrome: results of a randomized clinical trial. 13, 48–60. Also, our group investigated the individual characteristics of body composition and metabolic profile that explain interindividual variation in HDL-c concentrations in response to 16 weeks of combined strength and aerobic training in postmenopausal women. Coll. 303, E1212–E1221. (2015). Moderate alcohol consumption appears to increase HDL-c levels in humans (Mooradian and Haas, 2014). J. Appl. Additionally, Zhang et al. Bioactive compounds, such as Astaxanthin (Kishimoto et al., 2016), lycopene (Palozza et al., 2012), Curcuma Zedoaria Roscoe (Tariq et al., 2016), mangiferin (Na et al., 2015), probiotics (Thushara et al., 2016), resveratrol, and anthocyanins (Mooradian and Haas, 2014) seem to be interesting options of treatment to raise HDL-c levels. (2015). Metab. Dotted gray arrows indicate indirect RCT. Phytopreventive antihypercholesterolmic and antilipidemic perspectives of zedoary (Curcuma Zedoaria Roscoe.) J. Cardiol. The main lipoprotein involved in this process is the HDL-c. First, the intestine and liver synthesize the protein Apo A-1 (70% of the protein content of HDL-c), which enters the bloodstream and goes to peripheral tissues (e.g., heart). In mice genetically modified to develop atherosclerosis, Jinli and Jidi (2002) verified that 10 weeks of aerobic training induced an increase in gene expression and protein content of SR-B1, finding that was associated with a reduction of atherosclerotic plaque. dustrialized nations. Studies show that smoking increases cholesterol by preventing reverse cholesterol transport, the process whereby immune cells move unused cholesterol from blood vessel walls to the bloodstream and ultimately back to the liver. Curr. Physiol. Res. 2, 153–159, 2013. doi: 10.5812/cardiovascmed.13892, Ghanbari-Niaki, A., Khabazian, B. M., Hossaini-Kakhak, S. A., Rahbarizadeh, F., and Hedayati, M. (2007). 52, 950–957. doi: 10.3945/jn.115.215772, Benoit, J. Lipid parameter for measuring risk of cardiovascular disease. National Center for Biotechnology Information, Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Plasma Proteome Profiling of Coronary Artery Disease Patients: Downregulation of Transthyretin-An Important Event. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.112.266502, Weggemans, R. M., and Trautwein, E. A. (2012), which demonstrated that transfer of lipids to HDL-c is higher in athletes performing high-intensity activities when compared to sedentary individuals. 168, 3157–3159. Bai Y, Yuan P, Zhang H, Ramachandran R, Yang N, Song J. Poult Sci. *Correspondence: Daniela C. Gonçalves, dacaetanog@gmail.com, Front. Metabolism 42, 684–690. The high concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) is an independent risk factor for coronary artery disease. Ann. Low- intensity exercise exerts beneficial effects on plasma lipids via PPARgamma. : 14-05204-EF-1. Dis. Studies about the effect of exercise on cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) activity, SR-B1, and ABCG1 expression are inconclusive. However, a recent study suggested that exercise-induced activation of PPAR, especially the delta isoform, may stimulate further transcription factors that are related to genes involved in RCT (Gervois et al., 2007; Greene et al., 2012). Treadmill exercise enhances ABCA1 expression in rat liver. Lipid transfer to HDL is higher in marathon runners than in sedentary subjects, but is acutely inhibited during the run. Lipids Health Dis. (1) The liver synthesizes Apo A-1 that enters the bloodstream. Lipids 47, 679–686. Drugs Aging 26, 23–36. This process results in the formation of nascent HDL-c particles (pre-β HDL), which subsequently can interact with Scavenger receptor class B member 1 (SR-B1) and ATP-binding cassette, sub-family G, member 1 (ABCG1), with the purpose of incorporating more cholesterol, forming a mature molecule of HDL-c (α-HDL). Additive effect of linseed oil supplementation on the lipid profiles of older adults. J. Clin.  |  J. Med. Vasc. Regulation of absorption and ABC1-mediated efflux of cholesterol by RXR heterodimers. J. Cardiopulm. We concluded that the positive responders had around 11% less HDL-c (6.31 mg/dL) at baseline than negative responders, suggesting that the positive response to combined training is also mediated by the metabolic health of the individual at baseline (Diniz et al., 2017). Gupta et al. In vivo Study: LPS-induced Inflammation and Cholesterol Efflux 64-67 8.7. When analyzed subjects with an inflammatory profile established by non-transmissible chronic diseases, as metabolic syndrome, Casella-Filho et al. Were it not for the HDL, much of your cholesterol could have been deposited in your peripheral tissues, aggravating any ongoing atherogenesis. Am. Abstract. doi: 10.1007/s00421-009-1115-5. 40, 1263–1270. Clin. FL would like to thank Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) for their support (2016/16712-8). 107, 351–358. Nutr. The authors hypothesized that the energy expenditure in the two high-intensity intermittent protocols was not able to induce changes in the lipoprotein concentrations, mainly in HDL-c levels, given that previous study suggested improvements in HDL-c concentrations in exercise sessions with energy expenditure higher than 1100 kcal (Lira et al., 2012). Effect of exercise on reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). Int. Jinli, C., and Jidi, C. (2002). Metab. doi: 10.3390/nu7115483. Food Sci. The response of interleukin-6 and soluble interleukin-6 receptor isoforms following intermittent high intensity and continuous moderate intensity cycling. The positive effects of exercise on receptors related to RCT was also observed in longer experimental protocols. (2012) investigated the involvement of PPAR delta in the improvement of lipoproteins among obese individuals after 12 weeks of aerobic training. (Xu et al., 2013; Rosenson et al., 2016). J. Appl. As results, they observed that LDL-c decreased and HDL-c increased in both conditions, but without significant differences, suggesting that both intervals can be used when the goal is to improve lipid profile. Effects of green tea on serum paraoxonase/arylesterase activities in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2005.10.001, Thorning, T. K., Raziani, F., Bendsen, N. T., Astrup, A., Tholstrup, T., and Raben, A. Olive oil phenolic compounds and high-density lipoprotein function. It competes with plasminogen by binding sites, reducing the plasmin generation and inhibiting fibrinolysis, therefore, the thrombus formed due to ruptured atherosclerotic plaque triggers ischemic cardiovascular events (Schmitz and Orsó, 2015). Nutrients. doi: 10.1007/s11789-015-0074-0. Butcher et al. The most abundant apolipoproteins are A (apoA) and apolipoprotein B (apoB) (Shaeffer et al., 1978). However, studies investigating the influence of these variables in a chronic way are needed; moreover, the large variety of training protocols, especially regarding strength training, make comparisons and conclusions about the findings challenging. Biomed. (South Dartmouth, MA: MDText.com, Inc.). Effect of sprint cycle training on activities of antioxidant enzymes in human skeletal muscle. (2017) showed that an extreme high concentration of HDL cholesterol was associated with all-cause mortality in both men and women. The change was linked to a reduction in total carbohydrate intake. (2007). (2015). A replacement of carbohydrates by lipids, especially saturated fatty acids, have demonstrated better results concerning HDL-c levels. At CETP and LPL gene promoter loci: new molecular biomarkers associated with all-cause mortality in and. By non-transmissible chronic diseases, as metabolic syndrome: results of a randomized clinical trial, SR-B1, and,... 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